THE ROLE OF LEARNER-LEARNER INTERACTION IN DEVELOPING SPEAKING SKILLS AMONG UUM INTERNATIONAL POSTGRADUATES

SAEED, KARWAN MUSTAFA (2013) THE ROLE OF LEARNER-LEARNER INTERACTION IN DEVELOPING SPEAKING SKILLS AMONG UUM INTERNATIONAL POSTGRADUATES. Masters thesis, Koya University.

[img] Text (MSc Thesis)
MSc_DENL_2013.pdf - Published Version
Available under License Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial No Derivatives.

Download (2MB)

Abstract

The purpose of this research was to examine the role of learner-learner interaction in classroom setting for 52 international postgraduate students who enrolled in an intensive English course at the Language Centre of Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) after they failed in English Language Placement Test (ELPT) at the point of entry to the university. Having recognized the significance of interaction in second language (L2) learning, the researcher in this study used a quantitative approach investigating the effect of learner-learner interaction in developing speaking skills to collect the necessary data. Data included questionnaire survey, score of two tests and short interviews with teachers who were teaching speaking lesson at the Language Centre. Findings of the study indicated that student-student interaction played a significant role in the classroom. They also presented that several factors such as, language classroom activities, teacher, motivation, teaching materials etc. reinforced promoting learner-learner interaction in developing speaking skills among UUM international postgraduates. The study also supported Long's (1980) Interaction Hypothesis and pointed the importance of interaction among the students. Furthermore, the results assisted broaden the understanding of the role learner-learner interaction played in a second/foreign language classroom. Lastly, this study also exhibited that students were able to improve their speaking skills through the interaction that happened among them in the classroom atmosphere. The results of this study also suggested that classroom interaction triggered learners to notice the target form and have a positive effect in improving the learning of a foreign/second language in particular, speaking skills.

Item Type: Thesis (Masters)
Additional Information: Ahmed, R. (2012). The impact of input and interaction in classroom on oral fluency. (Unpublished paper) Universiti Utara Malaysia. Ajiboye, T. (1985). Achieving oral fluency in French: Principles and techniques. British Journal of Language Teaching, 23(2), 93-97. Alleman, J. C., Bee, W., Ulitkin, I., Zetzsche, J., Chatonnet-Marton, P., Owji, Z., ... & Bokor, G.( 2013). Methods of enhancing speaking skills of elementary level students. Retrieved from http://www.bokorlang.com/journal/63learning.htm on 10/3/2013 Allwright, D. & Baily, K.M. (1991). Focus on the language classroom. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Allwright, R. (1984). The importance of interaction in classroom language learning.AppliedLinguistics. Retrieved from http://applij.Oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pdf-extract/5/2/ on 3/4/2013 Ames, C. (1992). Classrooms: Goals, structures, and student motivation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84, 261–271. Anton, M. (1999). The Discourse of a Learner‐Centered Classroom: Sociocultural Perspectives on Teacher‐Learner Interaction in the Second‐Language Classroom. The Modern Language Journal, 83(3), 303-318. Auerbach, E. R. (1993). Reexamining English only in the ESL classroom. Tesol Quarterly, 27(1), 9-32. Aungwatanakun (1994). English teaching methodology, (2nd). Bangkok: Chulalongkorn Universiti Press. 111 Bailey, K.M. (2005). Practical English language teaching: Speaking. New York: McGraw-Hill. Faculty of Arts, (2004). Undergraduate catalog. Nakhon Pathom, Thailand: Silpakorn University Press. Baker, J., and Westrup. H. (2003). Essential speaking skills: A handbook for English language teachers. London: Continuum International Publishing Bernard, H. R. (2002). Research methods in anthropology: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Altamira press Billson, J.M. (1986). The college classroom as a small group: Some Implications for teaching and learning. Teaching Sociology. 14: 143-151. Block, D. (2003). The social turn in second language acquisition. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. Bowman, B., Burkart, G., & Robson, B. (1989). TEFL/ TESL: Teaching English as a second language. USA: Centre of Applied Linguistics. Braidi, S. M. (2002). Reexamining the role of recasts in native-speaker/nonnative speaker interaction. Language Learning, 52(1), 1-42. Breen, M. P. (1987). Contemporary paradigms in syllabus design Part II. Language Teaching, 20(03), 157-174. Brown, H. D. (1994). Teaching by principles. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Burns, R. B. (2000). Introduction to research methods. London: Sage. Bygate, M. (1987). Speaking. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Canale, M., & Swain, M. (1980). Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing. Applied Linguistics, 1 (1): 1-47. Celce-Murcia, M. (ed). (2001). Teaching English as a second or foreign language, 3rd edition. Boston, MA: Heinle & Heinle. Chamot, A.U. 1993. Learning strategies and listening comprehension. In a guide for the teaching of second language, edited by D. Mendelson and J. Rubin. San Diego, CA: Dominie Press. Chaney, A.L. (1998). Teaching oral communication. In: Grandes K-8. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Chickering, A.W. & Gamson, Z.F. (1987). Seven principles of good practice in undergraduate education. American Association of Higher Education Bulletin, 3-7. Cohen, A. (1990). Language learning. Boston: heinle & heinle publishers. Cohen, A. D., Weaver, S. F., and LI, T. (1998). The impact of strategies-based instruction on speaking a foreign language. New York: Longman. Cohen, L., Manion, L. and Morison, K. (2000) Research Methods in Education, 5th edn (Routledge Falmer). Cotter, Ch. (2007). Speaking well - four steps to improve your ESL EFL students speaking ability. Retrieved March 24th, 2012 from: http://ezinearticles.com on 10/4/2013 Creswell, J.W. (1994). Research design: Qualitative & quantitative approaches. London: SAGE Publications. Dallimore, E. J., Hertenstein, J. H., & Platt, M. B. (2004). Classroom participation and discussion effectiveness: Student-generated strategies. Communication Education, 53,103-115. Donato, R. (1994). Collective scaffolding in second language learning. Vygotskian approaches to second language research, 33, 456. Donato, R. (2000). Sociocultural contributions to understanding the foreign and second language classroom in J. p. Lamtolf (Ed.) sociocultural theory and second language learning (pp.27-50). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Dornyei, Z. & Kormos, J. (2002). Motivational determinants of the quality and quantity of student performance in communicative language tasks. Paper presented at the American Association of Applied Linguistics (April 6-10), Salt, Lake City, UT Duff, P. A. (2002). Research approaches in applied linguistics. The Oxford handbook of applied linguistics, p. 13-23. Ellis,R. (2003). Task-based language learning and teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ellis, R. (1990). Instructed second language acquisition. Oxford: Blackwell. Ellis, R. (1999) Learning second language through interaction. Amsterdam: John Benjamin. ELLIS. R.(1999). Learning a second language through interaction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins,. Ellis, R. (1985). Understanding second language acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ellis, R. (2005). Principles of instructed language learning. Asian EFL Journal, 7(3). Retrieved from www.asianefljournal.com/September_05_re.php#3a. on 3/3/2013 Ellis,R. & Barkhuizen, G. (2005). Analyzing Learner Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ellis,R. & Fotos,S. (1999). Learning a second language through interaction. Oxford: Oxford University Press Ellis, R. & He, X. (1999). The roles of modified input and output in the incidental acquisition of word meanings. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 21, 285-301 Ellis, R., Tanaka, Y. & Yamazaki, Y. (1994). Classroom interaction, comprehension and the acquisition of L2 word meanings. Language Learning, 44 (3), 449-491. Fassinger, P. A. (2000). Professors’ and students’ perceptions of why students participate in class. Teaching Sociology, 24, 25–33. Firth, A. & Wagner, J. (1997) On discourse, communication, and (some) fundamental concepts in SLA research. Modern Language Journal, 81, 285-300 Gass, S. M. (1997). Input, interaction and the second language learner. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Gass, S. M., Mackey, A., & Pica, T. (1998). The role of input and interaction in second language acquisition introduction to the special issue. The Modern Language Journal, 82(3), 299-307. Gass, S. M., & Varonis, E. M. (1994). Input, interaction, and second language production. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 16(3): 283-302. Gass, S. M. & Varonis, E (1984) The effect of familiarity on the comprehensibility of nonnative speech. Language learning, 34, 65-89. Gass, S. M. & Varonis, E (1985b) Variation in native speaker speech modification to nonnative speakers. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 7, 37-57. Gass, S. M. & Varonis, E (1989). Incorporated repairs in nonnative discourse. In M. Eisenstein (ED.), the dynamic interlanguage (pp.71-86). New York: Plenum Press. Gass, S. M. & Varonis, E (1985a). Miscommunication in native/ nonnative conversation. Language in society, 14, 327-343. Goh, C. (2007). Teaching speaking in the language classroom. Singapore: SEAMEO Regional Language Centre . Gomez, A.M., Arai, M.J., & Lowe, H. (1995). When Does a Student Participate in Class? Ethnicity and Classroom Participation. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Speech Communication Association (81st, San Antonio, TX) Good, T. & Brophy, J. (2000). Looking in classrooms. (8th ed). New York, Longman. Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.). 2005. Ethnologies: Languages of the World, 15th ed. Dallas, TX: SIL International. Retrieved from http://www.ethnologue.com/. On 15/3/2012 Han, Z. (2001) Fine-tuning corrective feedback. Foreign language Annals, 34, 582-599. Harmer, J. (1983). The practice of English language teaching. (6th), New York: Longman Group. Harmer, J. (2007). The practice of English language teaching, New York: Longman, Harmer, J. (2001). The Practice of English language teaching. Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd. Hatch, E. (1978). Discourse analysis and second language acquisition. In: HATCH, E. (Ed.), Second language acquisition. Rowley, MA: Newbury House. Hedge, T. (2000). Teaching and learning in the language classroom. Oxford: Oxford University Press Hedge, T. (2008). Teaching and learning in the language classroom, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hughes, R. (2002). Teaching and researching speaking. New York: Pearson Education. Hymes, D. (1972). On communicative competence in J.B. Pride and J. Holmes (eds.). sociolinguistics, pp.269-293. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Iwashita, N. (2003). Negative feedback and positive evidence in task-based interaction: Differential effects on L2 development. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 25, 1-36. Izumi, S. (2002). Output, input enhancement, and the noticing hypothesis: An experimental study on ESL relativization. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 24 (4), 541-577. Izumi, S., Bigelow, M., Fujiwara, M. & Fearnow, S. (1999). Testing the output hypothesis: Effects of output onnoticing and second language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 21(3), 421-452. Johnson, K.E. (1995). Understanding communication in second language classroom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Karp, D. A., & Yoels, W. C. (1976). The college classroom: Some observations on the meaning of student participation. Sociology and Social Research, 60, 421–439. Kember, D. & Gow, L. (1994). Orientations to teaching and their effect on the quality of student learning. Journal of Higher Education. 65: 58-7416. Khameis, M. (2007). Using creative strategies to promote students' speaking skills. Kouicem, K. (2009). The Effect of classroom interaction on developing the learner's speaking skill. Retrieved from http://bu.umc. edu.dz/theses/anglais/KOU1159 on 15/3/ 2012. Kouicem, K. (2010). The effect of classroom on developing the learner's speaking skill. Krashen, S. D. (1987). Principles and practice in second language acquisition. Prentice-Hall International. Krashen, S. D. (1985) . The Input Hypothesis. London: Longman. Krathwohl, D. R. (1998). Methods of educational & social science research: An integrated approach. Reading, Massachusetts: Longman. Lam, W., & Wong, J. (2000). The effects of strategy training on developing discussion skills in an ESL classroom. ELT Journal, 54(3), 245-255. Leeman, J. (2003). Recasts and second language development: Beyond negative evidence. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 25, 37-63. Lee, J.F. (2000). Tasks and Communicating in Language Classrooms. Boston: McGraw- Hill Companies. Leftwich, A. T. O. (2007). Expert technology-using teachers: Visions, strategies, and development (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. Lightbown, P. & Spada, N. (1999). How language are learned. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lindsay,C. & Knight, P. (2006). Learning and teaching English: A course for teachers. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Littlejohn, A. (2001). Motivation: Where it does it come from? Where it does it go? English Teaching Professional, 19, 5-8. Littlewood, W. (1981). Communicative language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Littlewood, W. (1999). Communicate Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Long, M. (1983). Native speaker/ non-native speaker conversation and the negotiation of comprehensible input. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 5: 177-193. Long, M. (1985). Input and second language acquisition theory.” In Input in Second Language Acquisition. Ed. S. Gass and C. Madden. Rowley (MA): Newbury House. 377-93. Long, M. H. (1996). The role of linguistic environment in second language acquisition. In T. Bhatia & in W. Ritchie (Eds), Handbook of second language acquisition. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Long, M.H. (1981). Input, Interaction and Second Language Acquisition. In Winitz (ed): Native Language and Foreign Language Acquisition, New York, New York Academy of Sciences, p. 259-278. Long, M. H. (1996). Input, interaction and second language acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Long, M & Sato, C. (1983). Classroom foreigner talk discourse: Forms and functions of teachers' questions. In Seliger and Long(eds.) Classroom oriented research in second language acquisition. Newbury House. Long, M. (1980). Input, interaction, and second language acquisition. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Los Angeles: University of California. Long, M., Adams, L., McLean, M. and Castanos, F. (1976). Doing things with words: Verbal interaction in lockstep and small group classroom situations in Fanselow, J. and Crymes, R. (eds.), in On TESOL ’76 (pp.137-153). Washington, DC: TESOL. Luama, S. (2004). Assessing Speaking. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lyster, R. & Ranta, L. (1997). Corrective feedback and learner uptake: negotiation of form in communicative classrooms. Studies in second language acquisition, 19, 37-66. Macintyre P.D. (2007). Willingness to communicate in the second language: understanding the decision to speak as a volitional process. Modern Language Journal, 91, 564–576. Macintyre, P.D., Baker, S.C., Clément, R., & Donovan, L.A., (2003). Talking in order to learn: willingness to communicate and intensive program. Canadian Modern Language Review 59, 589–607. Macintyre, P. D., Dornyei, Z., Clement, R., & Noels, K. (1998). Conceptualizing wiliness to communicate in a L2: A situational model of L2 confidence and affiliation. Modern Language Journal, 82, 545-62. Mackey, A. (1999). Input, interaction and second language development: An empirical study of question formation in ESL. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 21, 667-587. Mackey, A. (1997). Stopping up the pace: Input, interaction and second language development (Unpublished manuscript). Michigan State University: East Lansing. Mackey, A. (2000). Feedback, noticing and second language development. A empirical study of L2 classroom interaction. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the British Association for Applied Linguistics, Cambridge, UK. Mackey, A. & Philip, J. (1998). Conversational interaction and second language development: Recasts, responses, and red Herrings? Modern Language Journal, 82, 338-358. Mackey, A. (1995). Stoppping up the pace: Input, interaction and interlanguage development. An empirical study of questions in ESL. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation) University of Sydney, Australia. Mackey, A. (2007). The Conversational Interaction in Second Language Acquisition. Oxford:Oxford University Press. Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (1999). Designing qualitative research (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. McDonough, J. & Shaw, C. (1993). Materials and methods in ELT. Oxford: Blackwell. McDonough, K. (2001). Exploring the relationship between modified output and L2 learning. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), Georgetown University, Washington, DC. Maurice, K. (1983). The fluency workshop. TESOL Newsletter, 17-429. Naegle, P. (2002). The New Teacher’s Complete Sourcebook. USA: Scholastic Professional Book.\ Naegle, P. (2002). The New Teacher‟s Complete Sourcebook. USA: Scholastic Professional Book. Nettle, D. and Romaine, s. (2000). Vanishing voices: The Extinction of the world’s languages. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. Newton, J. (1991). Negotiation: Negotiating what? Paper given at SEAMEO Conference on Language Acquisition and the Second/Foreign Language Classroom. Singapore: RELC Ng Lee, L. and Sheila, M. (2011). L2 Vocabulary Acquisition: The Impact of Negotiated Interaction. Journal of Language Studies,Volume 11(2). Nunan, D. (1991). Classroom interaction. Sydney: National Centre for English Language Teaching and Research. Nunan, D. (1991). Methods in second language classroom-oriented research: a critical review. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 13, 247-274. Ohta, A. S. (2001). Second language processes in the classroom: Learning Japanese. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Ohta, A. S. (1995). Applying sociocultural theory to an analysis of learner discourse: Learner-learner collaborative interaction in the zone of proximal development. Issues in Applied Linguistics 6, 93-121. Oliver, R. & Mackey, A. ( 2003). Interactional context and feedback in child ESL classrooms. Modern Language Journal, 87, 519-533. O'Malley, J. M. and Chamot, A. U. (1990). Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. O'Malley, J.M. & Valdez Pierce, L. (1996). Authentic Assessment for English Language Learners. MA: Addison-Wesley. Ormrod, J. (2003) Educational psychology: Developing learners ( 4th ed.) Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill Prentice Hall Oxford, R. (1990). Language Learning Strategies. Rowley, MA: Newbury House. Parrott, M. (1993). Tasks for Language Teachers. New York: Cambridge University Press. Peck, S. (1978). Developing lhildren’s Listening and speaking in ESL. In C. Murcia, (Ed). Teaching English as a second or foreign language. (3rd ed). (Pp. 139-149). Boston: Heinle & Heinle. Philip, J. (2003). Constraints on 'noticing the gap': nonnative speakers' noticing of recasts in NS-NNS interaction. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 25, 99-126. Pica, T. (1994). Research on negotiation: What does it reveal about second-language learning conditions, processes, and outcomes? Language Learning, 44, 493-527. Pica, T. and Doughty, C. (1985). The role of group work in classroom second l anguage acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 7, 223-49. Raw, W. & Heyl, B. (1990). Humoring the college classroom: Collaborative learning and social organization among students. Teaching Sociology, 18: 141-155 Rees, C., & Garrud, P. (2001). Identifying undergraduate medical students' attitudes toward communication skills learning: A pilot study. Medical Teacher, 23(4), 400-406. Reigel, D. (2005). Positive feedback loops in second language acquisition. (Unpublished MA Thesis). Portland, OR: Portland State University. Richards, J. C. (2006). Communicative language teaching today. New York: Cambridge University Press. Richards, J.C. & Schmidt, R. (2002). Longman dictionary of language teaching & applied linguistics (3rd Ed.) Harlow: Longman. Richards, J.C. & Rodgers, T.S. (2001). Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Richards, J. C. & Rogers, T. S. (1986). Approaches and methods in language teaching: A description and analysis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Richards, Jack C. (1990). Conversationally Speaking: approaches to the teaching of conversation. In Jack C. Richards. The Language Teaching Matrix. New York: Cambridge University Press. 67-85 Rivers, W. M. (Ed.). (1987). Interactive language teaching. New York: Cambridge University Press. Rivers, W. (1968). Teaching Foreign Language Skills. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Sato, C. J. (1985). The syntax of conversation in interlanguage develupmmt. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), University of California, Los Angeles. Sato, C. J. (1986). Conversation and interlanguage development: Rethinking the connection. In R. R. Day (Ed.), Talking to learn: Conversation in second language acquisition (pp. 5-22), Rowley, MA: Newbury House Schaetzel, K., & Shen, X. (2002). Helping Asian students learn discussion skills. Changing Asian Foreign Language Education, 2, 3-16. Schmidt, R. (1983). Interaction, acculturation, and the acquisition of communicative competence: A case study of an adult. Sociolinguistics and language acquisition. 137-174. Schneider, P. H. (2001). Pair taping: Increasing motivation and achievement with a fluency practice. TESL-EJ, 5(2), 1-32. Scrinvener, J. (2005). Learning Teaching. UK: Macmillan Education. Seliger, H. (1977). Does practice make perfect? A study of the interaction patterns and L2 competence. Language Learning, 27, 263-278. Shumin, K. (2002). Factors to Consider: Developing Adult EFL Students’ Speaking Abilities, in Methodology in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Shumin, K. (1997). Factors to consider: Developing adult EFL students' speaking abilities. English Teaching Forum, 35 (3), 8. Silverman, D. (2000) Doing Qualitative Research: A practical Handbook. Trowbridge: SAGE. Silver, R. E. (2000). Input, output, and negotiation: Conditions for second language development. In B. Swierzbin, F. Morris, M. E. Anderson, C. A. Klee, & E. Singleton, R.A., Straits, B.C., & Straits, M.M. (1993). Approaches to social research. New York: Oxford University Press. Skehan, P. (1995). Analyzability, accessibility, and ability for us. In G. Cook and B. Seidlhofer, eds. Principle and Practice in Applied Linguistics . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Strong, M. (1984). Integrative motivation: Cause or result of successful second language acquisition? Language Learning, 34, 1-14. Swain, M. (1985). Communicative competence: some roles of comprehensible input and comprehensible output in its development. In S. M. Gass and C. G. Madden, eds. Input in Second Language Acquisition . Rowley, MA: Newbury House Swain, M. & Lapkin, S. (2003). Talking it through: Two French immersion learners' response to reformulated writing. International review of Applied Linguistics. Swain, M. & Lapkin, S. (2001). Focus on form through collaborative dialogue: Exploring task effects. in M. Bygate, P. Skehan, & M. Swain (Eds.), Researching pedagogic tasks: Second language learning, teaching and testing (pp. 99-118). London: Longman. Swain, M. (1993). The Output hypothesis: Just Speaking and writing aren’t enough. The Canadian Modern Language. Review. 50/1. Thornbury, S. (2005). How to Teach Speaking. New York: Longman. Trent, J. (2009). Enhancing oral participation across the curriculum: Some lessons from the EAP classroom. Asian EFL Journal, 11(1), 256-270. Tsou, W. (2005). Improving speaking skills through instruction in oral classroom participation. Foreign Language Annals; Spring 2005; 38, 1; ProQuest Education Journals, 46 – 55. UR, P. (2000). A course in Language teaching: Practice and theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Van Lier, L. (2004). The ecology and semiotics of language learning: A Sociocultural perspective. Boston: Kluwer Academic. Wagner, E.D. (1994). In support of a functional definition of interaction: The American Journal of Distance Education 8(2) 6-26. Wang, Q., & Castro, C. D. (2010). Classroom interaction and language output. English Language Teaching, 3(2), P175. Wesche, M. (1994). Input and interaction in second language acquisition. In C. Gallaway & B. Richards (Eds.), Input and interaction in language acquisition (pp. 219-249). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Wilkinson, L.C. (ed.), Communicating in the classroom (pp. 283-296). New York: Academic Press. Willis, J. (1981). Teaching English trough English. Harlow: Longman. Wong-Fillmore, L. (1982). Instructional language as linguistic input: Second language learning in classroom in Wilkinson, L.C. (ed.), Communicating in the classroom (pp. 283-296). New York: Academic Press. Yashima, T., Zenuk-Nishide, L., Shimizu, K., (2004). The influence of attitudes and affect on willingness to communicate and second language communication. Language Learning 54, 119–152. Zaremba, A. J. (2006). Speaking professionally. Canada: Thompson South-Western. Zhang, Y. (2009). Reading to speak: Integrating oral communication skills. English Teaching Forum,47(1), 32-34. ching Forum,47(1), 32-34. Retrieved from http://exchanges.state.gov/englishteaching/forum/archives/2009/09-47-1.htm. On 16/3/2013
Subjects: P Language and Literature > P Philology. Linguistics
Divisions: Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences > Department of English Language > M.Sc. Thesis
Depositing User: Mr. Rebwar Mohammed Jarjis
Date Deposited: 01 Feb 2024 08:08
Last Modified: 01 Feb 2024 08:08
URI: http://eprints.koyauniversity.org/id/eprint/458

Actions (login required)

View Item View Item