Antifungal activity of Iron and Zinc oxide nanoparticles against air-borne fungi isolated from hospital environments in Koya city

Mirza, Mohammed Mirza (2023) Antifungal activity of Iron and Zinc oxide nanoparticles against air-borne fungi isolated from hospital environments in Koya city. Masters thesis, Koya University.

Text (MSc Thesis) MSc_DMMB_2023.pdf - Published Version Available under License Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial No Derivatives. Download (4MB)

Abstract

Despite the fact that spores are present in various environments, hospital indoor surroundings might cause the spread of pathogenic fungi among patients in hospitals. Nosocomial infections, also called hospital-acquired infections, frequently occur by pathogenic airborne organisms that are found in hospitals and the areas around them. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify airborne fungi presented in the hospital environments in Koya city and Molecular identification for candida species isolates; with a band size of 375-871 bp and evolution of Zinc oxide and Iron-oxide nanoparticles activity against candida species. The investigation was done in five government hospitals and healthcare facilities, which included; Shahid Doctor Khalid Hospital, Shahid Doctor Handren Health Center, Haji Qadr Health Center, Bawaji Health Center and Shahid Doctor Kawa &Dental Center. A total of 225 air samples from various wards in each of these hospitals were cultured. They were isolated on sterile petri dishes filled with Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) amended with chloramphenicol. These plates were left open in the investigation site for 20 minutes. Each sample is properly identified then taken to a lab for routine microbiological processing and analysis. 16 genera of pathogenic and opportunistic fungi have been observed in the selected hospitals. These isolates were distributed in Shahid Doctor Khalid Hospital (32%), Shahid Doctor Handren Health Center (17%), Haji Qadr Healh Center (15%), Bawaji Health Center (12%) and Shahid Doctor Kawa &Dental Center (23%). The results of the laboratory analysis revealed that out of the 198 positive samples analyzed, a total of 60.5% were identified as filamentous fungi, while the remaining 39.5% were identified as yeast isolates. The most common airborne fungi included: The filamentous fungi which was distributed as Aspergillus spp. (25.26%), Penicillium sp. (8.25%) and Curvularia sp. (6.19%). The yeast isolates were distributed as Candida spp. (28.35%), Cryptococcus sp. (6.87%) and Rhodotorula sp. (3.61%). To identify the most isolated species of candida, molecular diagnosis using PCR was used. Polymerase chain reaction using ITS1(18S) and ITS4 (28S) oligonucleotide universal primers amplified rRNA genes and the 5.8S gene of the fungi. C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei and C. lusitaniae were identified using these primers. They were registered in the National Centre for Biotechnology Information database (NCBI). An additional part of this study was aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of metal oxide nanoparticles, particularly zinc oxide and Iron-oxide against different Candida spp. and compared with fluconazole (FLU). Zinc oxide and Iron-oxide nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD) and Scanning Electron microscope (SEM). The efficacy of ZnONPs and IONPs were studied at concentrations (1000,500,250,125 and 62.5) μg/ml against 5 isolates of Candida spp. by agar plate well diffusion assay. The results showed high inhibition effect of ZnONPs on C. lusitaniae and C. glabrata followed by, C. krusei. While high inhibition effect of IONPs presented in C. parapsilosis and C. glabrata. The results showed that Candida spp. were susceptible to NPs and the inhibition rate increases with the increase of concentration. For the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by broth microdilution methods, it is found that MIC of ZnO-NPs and IONPs against Candida spp. were reported to be 64–512 μg/ml ,16-128 and 64–512 μg/ml for the FLU. The results revealed that MICs for antifungals against Candida spp. were had very good invitro activity, the lowest MIC of IONPs in C. glabrata and C. lusitaniae were16 ug/ml. While the lowest MIC of ZnO-NPs was observed for C lusitaniae and C albicans were 64 μg/ml.

Item Type:	Thesis (Masters)
Additional Information:	Abbasi, F., & Samaei, M. R. (2019). The effect of temperature on airborne filamentous fungi in the indoor and outdoor space of a hospital. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 26(17), 16868–16876. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0939-5 Abd, S. T., & Ali, A. F. (2015). EFFECT OF ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES ON CANDIDA ALBICANS OF HUMAN SALIVA (IN VITRO STUDY). Abdeen, S., Isaac, R., Geo, S., S., S., Rose, A., & P.K, P. (2013). Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Biosynthesized Iron and Silver Nanoparticles Using the Fungi Fusarium Oxysporum and Actinomycetes SP. on Human Pathogens. Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, 5. https://doi.org/10.5101/nbe.v5i1.p39-45 Ahmadpour Kermani, S., Salari, S., & Ghasemi Nejad Almani, P. (2021). Comparison of antifungal and cytotoxicity activities of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles with amphotericin B against different Candida species: In vitro evaluation. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis, 35(1), e23577. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.23577 Akeme Yamamoto, A. C., Rodrigues de Paula, C., Basili Dias, L., Tadano, T., Rodrigues Martins, É., Vasconcelos Ribeiro de Souza Amadio, J., & Hahn, R. C. (2012). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of nosocomial candidiasis in university hospitals in Cuiabá – Mato Grosso, Brazil. Revista Iberoamericana de Micología, 29(3), 164–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riam.2012.01.001 Al-Bader, S. M., Ismael, L. Q., & Ahmood, A. A. (2018). Fungal Contamination of Airconditioner Units in Five Hospitals of Erbil Province- Kurdistan Region /Iraq. Science Journal of University of Zakho, 6(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2018.6.4.545 AL-Husseini, A. H., & Al-araji, B. T. S. and A. M. (2021). Effect Of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (Fe2O3) On Candida Albicans And Candida Glabrata. NVEO - NATURAL VOLATILES & ESSENTIAL OILS Journal | NVEO, 12394–12405. Alothman, N. H. A. (2012). Genotype Comparison of Strains of Candida albicans from Patients with Cutaneous Candidiasis in Nablus Area. M. Sc. Thesis. University of An-Najaf National. Arsène, M. M. J., Viktorovna, P. I., Alla, M., Mariya, M., Nikolaevitch, S. A., Davares, A. K. L., Yurievna, M. E., Rehailia, M., Gabin, A. A., Alekseevna, K. A., Vyacheslavovna, Y. N., Vladimirovna, Z. A., Svetlana, O., & Milana, D. (2023). Antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles prepared using Aloe vera extract against Candida albicans. Veterinary World, 16(1), 18–26. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2023.18-26 Aslam, S., Tahir, A., Aslam, M. F., Alam, M. W., Shedayi, A. A., & Sadia, S. (2017). Recent advances in molecular techniques for the identification of phytopathogenic fungi – a mini review. Journal of Plant Interactions, 12(1), 493–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/17429145.2017.1397205 Awwad, A. M., & Salem, N. M. (2012). A Green and Facile Approach for Synthesis of Magnetite Nanoparticles. Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2(6), 208–213. Babič, M. N., Zupančič, J., Gunde-Cimerman, N., de Hoog, S., & Zalar, P. (2018). Ecology of the Human Opportunistic Black Yeast Exophiala dermatitidis Indicates Preference for Human-Made Habitats. Mycopathologia, 183(1), 201–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-017-0134-8 Balajee, S. A. (2009). Aspergillus terreus complex. Medical Mycology, 47 Suppl 1, S42-46. https://doi.org/10.1080/13693780802562092 Baldin, C., & Ibrahim, A. S. (2017). Molecular mechanisms of mucormycosis—The bitter and the sweet. PLOS Pathogens, 13(8), e1006408. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006408 Bamrungsap, S., Zhao, Z., Chen, T., Wang, L., Li, C., Fu, T., & Tan, W. (2012). Nanotechnology in therapeutics: A focus on nanoparticles as a drug delivery system. Nanomedicine (London, England), 7(8), 1253–1271. https://doi.org/10.2217/nnm.12.87 Barac, A., Ong, D. S. Y., Jovancevic, L., Peric, A., Surda, P., Tomic Spiric, V., & Rubino, S. (2018). Fungi-Induced Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract Allergic Diseases: One Entity. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, 583. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00583 Barbedo, L. S., Figueiredo-Carvalho, M. H. G., Muniz, M. de M., & Zancopé-Oliveira, R. M. (2016). The identification and differentiation of the Candida parapsilosis complex species by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism of the internal transcribed spacer region of the rDNA. Memórias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 111(4), 267–270. https://doi.org/10.1590/0074-02760150466 Barker, K. S., & Rogers, P. D. (2006). Recent insights into the mechanisms of antifungal resistance. Current Infectious Disease Reports, 8(6), 449–456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-006-0019-3 Bastos, R. W., Valero, C., Silva, L. P., Schoen, T., Drott, M., Brauer, V., Silva-Rocha, R., Lind, A., Steenwyk, J. L., Rokas, A., Rodrigues, F., Resendiz-Sharpe, A., Lagrou, K., Marcet-Houben, M., Gabaldón, T., McDonnell, E., Reid, I., Tsang, A., Oakley, B. R., … Goldman, G. H. (2020). Functional Characterization of Clinical Isolates of the Opportunistic Fungal Pathogen Aspergillus nidulans. MSphere, 5(2), 10.1128/msphere.00153-20. https://doi.org/10.1128/msphere.00153-20 Branchini, M. L., Pfaller, M. A., Rhine-Chalberg, J., Frempong, T., & Isenberg, H. D. (1994). Genotypic variation and slime production among blood and catheter isolates of Candida parapsilosis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 32(2), 452–456. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.32.2.452-456.1994 Brandelli, A. (2012). Nanostructures as promising tools for delivery of antimicrobial peptides. Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 12(8), 731–741. https://doi.org/10.2174/138955712801264774 Brion, L. P., Uko, S. E., & Goldman, D. L. (2007). Risk of resistance associated with fluconazole prophylaxis: Systematic review. The Journal of Infection, 54(6), 521–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2006.11.017 Burnik, C., Altintas, N. D., Ozkaya, G., Serter, T., Selçuk, Z. T., Firat, P., Arikan, S., Cuenca-Estrella, M., & Topeli, A. (2007). Acute respiratory distress syndrome due to Cryptococcus albidus pneumonia: Case report and review of the literature. Medical Mycology, 45(5), 469–473. https://doi.org/10.1080/13693780701386015 Byadarahally Raju, S., & Rajappa, S. (2011). Isolation and Identification of Candida from the Oral Cavity. ISRN Dentistry, 2011, 487921. https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/487921 Caggiano, G., Lovero, G., De Giglio, O., Barbuti, G., Montagna, O., Laforgia, N., & Montagna, M. T. (2017). Candidemia in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Retrospective, Observational Survey and Analysis of Literature Data. BioMed Research International, 2017, 7901763. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7901763 Caggiano, G., Napoli, C., Coretti, C., Lovero, G., Scarafile, G., De Giglio, O., & Montagna, M. T. (2014). Mold contamination in a controlled hospital environment: A 3-year surveillance in southern Italy. BMC Infectious Diseases, 14, 595. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-014-0595-z Calumby, R. J. N., Silva, J. A., Silva, D. P. da, Moreira, R. T. de F., Araujo, M. A. dos S., Almeida, L. M. de, Grillo, L. A. M., & Alvino, V. (2019). Isolamento e identificação da microbiota fúngica anemófila em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva/ Isolation and identification of anemophilic fungal microbiota in an Intensive Care Unit. Brazilian Journal of Development, 5(10), Article 10. https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv5n10-186 Cannon, R. D., Lamping, E., Holmes, A. R., Niimi, K., Baret, P. V., Keniya, M. V., Tanabe, K., Niimi, M., Goffeau, A., & Monk, B. C. (2009). Efflux-mediated antifungal drug resistance. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 22(2), 291–321, Table of Contents. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00051-08 Carmen V., S. (2017, April). Atlas of Clinically Important Fungi | Wiley. Wiley.Com. https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Atlas+of+Clinically+Important+Fungi-p-9781119069669 Charles, M. P., Noyal, M. J., Easow, J. M., & M, R. (2011). Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus versicolor in a patient on mechanical ventilation. The Australasian Medical Journal, 4(11), 632–634. https://doi.org/10.4066/AMJ.2011.905 Cheon, J. Y., Kim, S. J., Rhee, Y. H., Kwon, O. H., & Park, W. H. (2019). Shape-dependent antimicrobial activities of silver nanoparticles. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 14, 2773–2780. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S196472 Choi, S., Son, H.-J., Jung, J., Jae Kim, M., Pil Chong, Y., Lee, S.-O., Choi, S.-H., Hee Woo, J., Soo Kim, Y., & Kim, S.-H. (2019). 1703. Bacterial or Fungal Co-Infection in Patients with Mucormycosis. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 6(Supplement_2), S623–S624. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.1567 Chopra, S., Mahajan, G., & Singh, Y. (2020a). Monitoring of Airborne Fungi in a Hospital Unit. 31(1). Chopra, S., Mahajan, G., & Singh, Y. (2020b). Monitoring of Airborne Fungi in a Hospital Unit. 31(1). Cordeiro, R. A., Brilhante, R. S. N., Pantoja, L. D. M., Moreira Filho, R. E., Vieira, P. R. N., Rocha, M. F. G., Monteiro, A. J., & Sidrim, J. J. C. (2010). Isolation of pathogenic yeasts in the air from hospital environments in the city of Fortaleza, northeast Brazil. The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases, 14(1), 30–34. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1413-86702010000100007 Costa, C., Ribeiro, J., Miranda, I. M., Silva-Dias, A., Cavalheiro, M., Costa-de-Oliveira, S., Rodrigues, A. G., & Teixeira, M. C. (2016). Clotrimazole Drug Resistance in Candida glabrata Clinical Isolates Correlates with Increased Expression of the Drug:H+ Antiporters CgAqr1, CgTpo1_1, CgTpo3, and CgQdr2. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7, 526. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00526 Deak, E., Wilson, S. D., White, E., Carr, J. H., & Balajee, S. A. (2009). Aspergillus terreus Accessory Conidia Are Unique in Surface Architecture, Cell Wall Composition and Germination Kinetics. PLOS ONE, 4(10), e7673. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007673 Delavy, M., Dos Santos, A. R., Heiman, C. M., & Coste, A. T. (2019). Investigating Antifungal Susceptibility in Candida Species With MALDI-TOF MS-Based Assays. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 9, 19. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2019.00019 Demirel, R., Sen, B., Kadaifciler, D., Yoltas, A., Okten, S., Ozkale, E., Berikten, D., Samson, R. A., Haliki Uztan, A., Yilmaz, N., Abaci Gunyar, O., Aydogdu, H., Asan, A., Kivanc, M., Ozdil, S., & Sakartepe, E. (2017). Indoor airborne fungal pollution in newborn units in Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 189(7), 362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6051-y Deorukhkar, S. C., & Saini, S. (2015). Virulence factors attributed to pathogenicity of non albicans Candida species isolated from Human Immunodeficiency virus infected patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis. Annals of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 2(2), Article 2. Deorukhkar, S. C., & Saini, S. (2016). Why Candida Species have Emerged as Important Nosocomial Pathogens? International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 5(1), 533–545. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.501.054 Deorukhkar, S., & Saini, S. (2013). Evaluation of Phospholipase Activity in Biofilm Forming Candida Species Isolated from Intensive Care Unit Patients. Microbiology Research Journal International, 440–447. https://doi.org/10.9734/BMRJ/2013/4359 Devi, R. S., & Gayathri, R. (2014). Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles by using Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. 4, 2444–2446. Di Filippo, P., Pomata, D., Riccardi, C., Buiarelli, F., & Perrino, C. (2013). Fungal contribution to size-segregated aerosol measured through biomarkers. Atmospheric Environment, 64, 132–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.10.010 Diba, K., P, K., SH, M., Rezaie, S., & Mahmoudi, M. (2007, December). Identification of aspergillus species using morphological characteristics. https://www.pjms.com.pk/issues/octdec207/article/article9.html Diekema, D., Arbefeville, S., Boyken, L., Kroeger, J., & Pfaller, M. (2012). The changing epidemiology of healthcare-associated candidemia over three decades. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 73(1), 45–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.02.001 Dissanayake, N. M., Current, K. M., & Obare, S. O. (2015). Mutagenic Effects of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Biological Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 16(10), 23482–23516. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms161023482 Dizaj, S. M., Vazifehasl, Zh., Salatin, S., Adibkia, Kh., & Javadzadeh, Y. (2015). Nanosizing of drugs: Effect on dissolution rate. Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 10(2), 95–108. Djearamane, S., Ling Shing, W., Yang Mooi, L., & Lee, P. F. (2020). Oxidative stress effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on fresh water microalga Haematococcus pluvialis. Ecology, Environment and Conservation, 26, 2020–2663. Eghtedar Nejad, E., Ghasemi Nejad Almani, P., Mohammadi, M. A., & Salari, S. (2020). Molecular identification of Candida isolates by Real‐time PCR‐high‐resolution melting analysis and investigation of the genetic diversity of Candida species. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis, 34(10), e23444. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.23444 Ellis, D., Davis, S., Alexiou, H., Handke, R., & Bartley, R. (2007). DESCRIPTIONS OF MEDICAL FUNGI. Eskandari, M., Ahmadi, V., & Ahmadi, SH. (2009). Low temperature synthesis of ZnO nanorods by using PVP and their characterization. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 404(14), 1924–1928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2009.03.024 Ezealigo, U. S., Ezealigo, B. N., Aisida, S. O., & Ezema, F. I. (2021). Iron oxide nanoparticles in biological systems: Antibacterial and toxicology perspective. JCIS Open, 4, 100027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jciso.2021.100027 Ezenwa, B. N., Oladele, R. O., Akintan, P. E., Fajolu, I. B., Oshun, P. O., Oduyebo, O. O., & Ezeaka, V. C. (2017). Invasive candidiasis in a neonatal intensive care unit in Lagos, Nigeria. The Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal, 24(3), 150–154. https://doi.org/10.4103/npmj.npmj_104_17 Fernstrom, A., & Goldblatt, M. (2013). Aerobiology and Its Role in the Transmission of Infectious Diseases. Journal of Pathogens, 2013, e493960. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/493960 Gangneux, J.-P., Bougnoux, M.-E., Hennequin, C., Godet, C., Chandenier, J., Denning, D. W., Dupont, B., & LIFE program, the Société française de mycologie médicale SFMM-study group. (2016). An estimation of burden of serious fungal infections in France. Journal De Mycologie Medicale, 26(4), 385–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycmed.2016.11.001 García-Carnero, L. C., & Mora-Montes, H. M. (2022). Mucormycosis and COVID-19-Associated Mucormycosis: Insights of a Deadly but Neglected Mycosis. Journal of Fungi, 8(5), Article 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8050445 García-Suárez, J., Gómez-Herruz, P., Cuadros, J. A., & Burgaleta, C. (2011). Epidemiology and outcome of Rhodotorula infection in haematological patients. Mycoses, 54(4), 318–324. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.2010.01868.x Gibbons, J. G., & Rokas, A. (2013). The function and evolution of the Aspergillus genome. Trends in Microbiology, 21(1), 14–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2012.09.005 Golah, H. A., Al-Garadi, M. A., Salah, M., Baghza, N., Al-Mahdi, H., Al-Dhorani, M., & Al-Sharma, A. (2017). Isolation and Identification of Airborne Pathogenic Fungi from the Hospitals at Dhamar Governorate, Yemen. International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20170204.13 Gonçalves, C. L., Fv, M., Gf, F., Jf, M., Ec, P., Ch, F., Jn, V., Jp, V., & Ps, N. (2018). Airborne fungi in an intensive care unit. Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasleira de Biologia, 78(2). https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.06016 Gong, J., Xiao, M., Wang, H., Kudinha, T., Wang, Y., Zhao, F., Wu, W., He, L., Xu, Y.-C., & Zhang, J. (2018). Genetic Differentiation, Diversity, and Drug Susceptibility of Candida krusei. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02717 Gontero, D., Lessard-Viger, M., Brouard, D., Bracamonte, A., Boudreau, D., & Veglia, A. (2017). Smart multifunctional nanoparticles design as sensors and drug delivery systems based on supramolecular chemistry. Microchemical Journal, 130, 316–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2016.10.007 Gopal, K. A., Kalaivani, V., & Anandan, H. (2020). Pulmonary Infection by Chrysosporium Species in a Preexisting Tuberculous Cavity. International Journal of Applied and Basic Medical Research, 10(1), 62–64. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijabmr.IJABMR_382_18 Gudkov, S. V., Burmistrov, D. E., Serov, D. A., Rebezov, M. B., Semenova, A. A., & Lisitsyn, A. B. (2021). Do Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Have Significant Antibacterial Properties? Antibiotics, 10(7), Article 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10070884 Gudlaugsson, O., Gillespie, S., Lee, K., Vande Berg, J., Hu, J., Messer, S., Herwaldt, L., Pfaller, M., & Diekema, D. (2003). Attributable mortality of nosocomial candidemia, revisited. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 37(9), 1172–1177. https://doi.org/10.1086/378745 Guo, Y., Ge, S., Luo, H., Rehman, A., Li, Y., & He, S. (2020). Occurrence of Trichophyton verrucosum in cattle in the Ningxia Hui autonomous region, China. BMC Veterinary Research, 16(1), 187. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-020-02403-6 Ha, J. F., Italiano, C. M., Heath, C. H., Shih, S., Rea, S., & Wood, F. M. (2011). Candidemia and invasive candidiasis: A review of the literature for the burns surgeon. Burns, 37(2), 181–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2010.01.005 Hadi, H., & Jassim Alsultany, S. (2020). Isolation and identification Candida species among renal failure Iraqi patients. Hagen, F., Lumbsch, H. T., Arsic Arsenijevic, V., Badali, H., Bertout, S., Billmyre, R. B., Bragulat, M. R., Cabañes, F. J., Carbia, M., Chakrabarti, A., Chaturvedi, S., Chaturvedi, V., Chen, M., Chowdhary, A., Colom, M.-F., Cornely, O. A., Crous, P. W., Cuétara, M. S., Diaz, M. R., … Boekhout, T. (2017). Importance of Resolving Fungal Nomenclature: The Case of Multiple Pathogenic Species in the Cryptococcus Genus. MSphere, 2(4), e00238-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00238-17 Henriet, S. S. V., Verweij, P. E., & Warris, A. (2012). Aspergillus nidulans and chronic granulomatous disease: A unique host-pathogen interaction. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 206(7), 1128–1137. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jis473 Hosseini SS, Mohammadi Sh, Joshaghani HR, & Eskandari M. (2011). Antifungal effect of Sodium Dodecil Sulfate and Nano particle ZnO on growth inhibition of standard strain of Candida albicans. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences, 12(4), 64–69. Howell, A., Isaacs, D., Halliday, R., & Australasian Study Group For Neonatal Infections. (2009). Oral nystatin prophylaxis and neonatal fungal infections. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 94(6), F429-433. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2008.157123 Huang, Y.-H., Lin, I.-H., Chang, T.-C., & Tseng, S.-H. (2015). Early Diagnosis and Successful Treatment of Cryptococcus albidus Keratitis. Medicine, 94(19), e885. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000000885 Humphrey, J. M., Walsh, T. J., & Gulick, R. M. (2016). Invasive Aspergillus Sinusitis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: Case Report and Review of the Literature. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 3(3), ofw135. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofw135 Jacob, J. H., Irshaid, F. I., & Alhalib, M. A. (2016). Estimation and Identification of Airborne Bacteria and Fungi in the Outdoor Atmosphere of Al-Mafraq Area—Jordan. Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences, 9(1), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.12816/0027002 Jacob Kizhakedathil, M. P., Koppula, A. R., & C., S. D. (2017). A Brief Review on Invasive Aspergillosis and the Host Immune Response and the Target Drugs. Immunology, Endocrine & Metabolic Agents - Medicinal ChemistryCurrent Medicinal Chemistry - Immunology, Endocrine & Metabolic Agents), 17(1), 4–14. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871522217666170706151211 Jalal, M., Ansari, M. A., Ali, S. G., Khan, H. M., & Rehman, S. (2018). Anticandidal activity of bioinspired ZnO NPs: Effect on growth, cell morphology and key virulence attributes of Candida species. Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 46(sup1), 912–925. https://doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2018.1439837 Kamal, A., Saba, M., Kamal, A., Batool, M., Asif, M., Al-Mohaimeed, A. M., Al Farraj, D. A., Habib, D., & Ahmad, S. (2023). Bioinspired Green Synthesis of Bimetallic Iron and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Mushroom Extract and Use against Aspergillus niger; The Most Devastating Fungi of the Green World. Catalysts, 13(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13020400 Kano, R., Kitagawat, M., Oota, S., Oosumi, T., Murakami, Y., Tokuriki, M., & Hasegawa, A. (2008). First case of feline systemic Cryptococcus albidus infection. Medical Mycology, 46(1), 75–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/13693780701541106 Karimiyan, A., Najafzadeh, H., Ghorbanpour, M., & Hekmati-Moghaddam, S. H. (2015). Antifungal Effect of Magnesium Oxide, Zinc Oxide, Silicon Oxide and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Against Candida albicans. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 17(10), Article 10. https://doi.org/10.17795/zjrms-2179 Kaur, R., Mehra, B., Dhakad, M. S., Goyal, R., & Dewan, R. (2017). Pulmonary aspergillosis as opportunistic mycoses in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: Report from a tertiary care hospital in North India. International Journal of Health Sciences, 11(2), 45–50. Kemoi, E. K. (2012). ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF YEAST FROM Gallus gallus. Khan, I., Saeed, K., & Khan, I. (2019). Nanoparticles: Properties, applications and toxicities. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 12(7), 908–931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2017.05.011 Khattab, A., & Levetin, E. (2008). Effect of sampling height on the concentration of airborne fungal spores. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology: Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology, 101(5), 529–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60293-1 Khawcharoenporn, T., Apisarnthanarak, A., & Mundy, L. M. (2007). Non-neoformans Cryptococcal Infections: A Systematic Review. Infection, 35(2), 51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-007-6142-8 Kiasat, N., Fatahinia, M., Mahmoudabadi, A. Z., & Shokri, H. (2017). Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Airborne Fungal Spores in the Hospitals Environment of Ahvaz City (2016). Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology, 10(10), Article 10. https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm.14143 Kidd, S., Halliday, C., & Ellis, D. (2022). Descriptions of Medical Fungi (4th ed.). CABI. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781800622340.0000 Kim, K. Y., Kim, Y. S., & Kim, D. (2010). Distribution characteristics of airborne bacteria and fungi in the general hospitals of Korea. Industrial Health, 48(2), 236–243. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.48.236 Kojic, E. M., & Darouiche, R. O. (2004, April 1). Candida Infections of Medical Devices | Clinical Microbiology Reviews. https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/CMR.17.2.255-267.2004 Kołodziejczak-Radzimska, A., & Jesionowski, T. (2014). Zinc Oxide—From Synthesis to Application: A Review. Materials, 7(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7042833 Kullberg, B. J., & Arendrup, M. C. (2015). Invasive Candidiasis. The New England Journal of Medicine, 373(15), 1445–1456. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1315399 Kumar, D., Resident, S., Singhd, S., Sengupta, A., Sarfraz, A., & Bhattacharyya, S. (2020). ISOLATION OF FUNGUS FROM HOSPITAL ENVIRONMENT AND EQUIPMENTS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN EASTERN INDIA Nahid Anjum* Senior Resident, Department of Microbology, AIIMS Patna *Corresponding Author Sayan Bhattacharyya. International Journal of Scientific Research, 8. Kumar, H., & Rani, R. (2013). Structural and Optical Characterization of ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesized by Microemulsion Route. International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy, Vol. 14, 26–36. Kumar, R., Nayak, M., Sahoo, G. C., Pandey, K., Sarkar, M. C., Ansari, Y., Das, V. N. R., Topno, R. K., Bhawna, null, Madhukar, M., & Das, P. (2019). Iron oxide nanoparticles based antiviral activity of H1N1 influenza A virus. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy: Official Journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy, 25(5), 325–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiac.2018.12.006 Lacerda, J. F., & Oliveira, C. M. (2013). Diagnosis and treatment of invasive fungal infections focus on liposomal amphotericin B. Clinical Drug Investigation, 33 Suppl 1, S5-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40261-012-0023-3 Lail, N., Sattar, A., Omer, M. O., Hafeez, M. A., Khalid, A. R., Mahmood, S., Shabbir, M. A., Ahmed, W., Aleem, M. T., Alouffi, A., & Almutairi, M. M. (2023). Biosynthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Nigella sativa against coccidiosis in commercial poultry. Scientific Reports, 13(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-33416-4 Lalueza, A., López-Medrano, F., del Palacio, A., Alhambra, A., Alvarez, E., Ramos, A., Pérez, A., Lizasoain, M., Meije, Y., García-Reyne, A., & Aguado, J. M. (2011). Cladosporium macrocarpum brain abscess after endoscopic ultrasound-guided celiac plexus block. Endoscopy, 43 Suppl 2 UCTN, E9-10. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1255804 Latgé, J.-P., & Chamilos, G. (2019). Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillosis in 2019. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 33(1), e00140-18. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00140-18 Le, T., Huu Chi, N., Kim Cuc, N. T., Sieu, T. P. M., Shikuma, C. M., Farrar, J., & Day, J. N. (2010). AIDS-Associated Penicillium marneffei Infection of the Central Nervous System. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 51(12), 1458–1462. https://doi.org/10.1086/657400 Li, X., Zhang, T., & Wang, S. (2019). Aerosolization of Aspergillus niger spores from colonies on different positions of a circular tube. E3S Web of Conferences, 111, 02030. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911102030 Lobato, R., Vargas, V., & Silveira, É. (2009). Sazonalidade e prevalência de fungos anemófilos em ambiente hospitalar no Sul do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Revista Da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Sorocaba, 11. Lockhart, S. R., Etienne, K. A., Vallabhaneni, S., Farooqi, J., Chowdhary, A., Govender, N. P., Colombo, A. L., Calvo, B., Cuomo, C. A., Desjardins, C. A., Berkow, E. L., Castanheira, M., Magobo, R. E., Jabeen, K., Asghar, R. J., Meis, J. F., Jackson, B., Chiller, T., & Litvintseva, A. P. (2017). Simultaneous Emergence of Multidrug-Resistant Candida auris on 3 Continents Confirmed by Whole-Genome Sequencing and Epidemiological Analyses. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 64(2), 134–140. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw691 Lockhart, S. R., Messer, S. A., Pfaller, M. A., & Diekema, D. J. (2008). Geographic distribution and antifungal susceptibility of the newly described species Candida orthopsilosis and Candida metapsilosis in comparison to the closely related species Candida parapsilosis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 46(8), 2659–2664. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00803-08 Lohrenz, S., Minion, J., Pandey, M., & Karunakaran, K. (2018). Blastomycosis in Southern Saskatchewan 2000-2015: Unique presentations and disease characteristics. Medical Mycology, 56(7), 787–795. https://doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myx131 Lunardi, L. W., Aquino, V. R., Zimerman, R. A., & Goldani, L. Z. (2006). Epidemiology and outcome of Rhodotorula fungemia in a tertiary care hospital. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 43(6), e60-63. https://doi.org/10.1086/507036 Lutzoni, F., Kauff, F., Cox, C. J., McLaughlin, D., Celio, G., Dentinger, B., Padamsee, M., Hibbett, D., James, T. Y., Baloch, E., Grube, M., Reeb, V., Hofstetter, V., Schoch, C., Arnold, A. E., Miadlikowska, J., Spatafora, J., Johnson, D., Hambleton, S., … Vilgalys, R. (2004). Assembling the fungal tree of life: Progress, classification, and evolution of subcellular traits. American Journal of Botany, 91(10), 1446–1480. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.91.10.1446 M. Abdulrasool, M., Nabeel Mustafa, A., Ahmed, M., W. Alwash, S., Taha Ibrahim, I., Jihad Hammady, F., & S. Abed, A. (2022). The Effectiveness of Chitosan- Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Antifungals against Various Candida Species. Journal of Nanostructures, 12(3), 718–725. https://doi.org/10.22052/JNS.2022.03.024 M. Bassam Aboul-Nasr, Abdel-Naser A. Zohri, & Enas Mahmoud Amer. (2014). Indoor Surveillance of Airborne Fungi Contaminating Intensive Care Units and Operation Rooms in Assiut University Hospitals, Egypt. J. of Health Science, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.17265/2328-7136/2014.01.003 Maldonado-Vega, M., Peña-Cabriales, J. J., Castellanos-Arévalo, A. P., Camarena-Pozos, D., Arévalo-Rivas, B., & Valdés-Santiago, L. (2014). BIOAEROSOLES Y EVALUACIÓN DE LA CALIDAD DEL AIRE EN DOS CENTROS HOSPITALARIOS UBICADOS EN LEÓN, GUANAJUATO, MÉXICO. 30(4), 351–363. Marimuthu, S., Antonisamy, A. J., Malayandi, S., Rajendran, K., Tsai, P.-C., Pugazhendhi, A., & Ponnusamy, V. K. (2020). Silver nanoparticles in dye effluent treatment: A review on synthesis, treatment methods, mechanisms, photocatalytic degradation, toxic effects and mitigation of toxicity. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 205, 111823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111823 Martin, K. J., & Rygiewicz, P. T. (2005). Fungal-specific PCR primers developed for analysis of the ITS region of environmental DNA extracts. BMC Microbiology, 5, 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-5-28 Martínez-Herrera, E. O., Frías De-León, M. G., Duarte-Escalante, E., Calderón-Ezquerro, M. D. C., Jiménez-Martínez, M. D. C., Acosta-Altamirano, G., Rivera-Becerril, F., Toriello, C., & Reyes-Montes, M. D. R. (2016). Fungal diversity and Aspergillus in hospital environments. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 23(2), 264–269. https://doi.org/10.5604/12321966.1203888 Matare, T., Nziramasanga, P., Gwanzura, L., & Robertson, V. (2017). Experimental Germ Tube Induction in Candida albicans: An Evaluation of the Effect of Sodium Bicarbonate on Morphogenesis and Comparison with Pooled Human Serum. BioMed Research International, 2017, 1976273. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1976273 McCarty, T. P., & Pappas, P. G. (2016). Invasive Candidiasis. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, 30(1), 103–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2015.10.013 McGinnis, M. R., & Tyring, S. K. (1996). Introduction to Mycology. In S. Baron (Ed.), Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8125/ Metwally, R. S., M. H. Kheiralla, Z., M. Ashour, S., & S. Zaki, S. (2022). Anticandidal Activity of Green Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Lemon Peel Extract. Journal of Scientific Research in Science, 39(2), 62–81. https://doi.org/10.21608/jsrs.2022.275788 Miceli, A., & Krishnamurthy, K. (2023). Blastomycosis. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441987/ Minnebruggen, G. V., Francois, I. E. J. A., Cammue, B. P. A., Thevissen, K., Vroome, V., Borgers, M., & Shroot, B. (2010). A General Overview on Past, Present and Future Antimycotics. The Open Mycology Journal, 4(1). https://benthamopen.com/ABSTRACT/TOMYCJ-4-22 Mitchell, M. J., Billingsley, M. M., Haley, R. M., Wechsler, M. E., Peppas, N. A., & Langer, R. (2021). Engineering precision nanoparticles for drug delivery. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 20(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41573-020-0090-8 Moazeni, M., Asgari, S., & Nabili, M. (2018). Nosocomial Fungal Infections: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention. Montone, K. T. (2016). Pathology of Fungal Rhinosinusitis: A Review. Head and Neck Pathology, 10(1), 40–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12105-016-0690-0 Nakasone, K. K., Peterson, S. W., & Jong, S.-C. (2004). Preservation and distribution of fungal cultures. Biodiversity of Fungi : Inventory and Monitoring Methods. Amsterdam : Elsevier Academic Press, 2004: Pages 37-47., 3. https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/7115 NaPier, E., & Redd, T. (2022). Alternaria fungus growing on top of cyanoacrylate glue in a patient with perforated corneal ulcer. American Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports, 28, 101717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajoc.2022.101717 Napoli, C., Marcotrigiano, V., & Montagna, M. T. (2012). Air sampling procedures to evaluate microbial contamination: A comparison between active and passive methods in operating theatres. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 594. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-594 Narayanasamy, S., Dat, V. Q., Thanh, N. T., Ly, V. T., Chan, J. F.-W., Yuen, K.-Y., Ning, C., Liang, H., Li, L., Chowdhary, A., Youngchim, S., Supparatpinyo, K., Aung, N. M., Hanson, J., Andrianopoulos, A., Dougherty, J., Govender, N. P., Denning, D. W., Chiller, T., … Le, T. (2021). A global call for talaromycosis to be recognised as a neglected tropical disease. The Lancet Global Health, 9(11), e1618–e1622. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00350-8 Nascimento, J. P. M. do, Santos, R. dos, Silva, M. S. dos S., Araújo, M. A. de, Anhezini, L., Santos, D. É. dos, & Silva-Filho, E. A. da. (2023). Indoor Air Contamination by Yeasts in Healthcare Facilities: Risks of Invasive Fungal Infectio. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202307.1717.v1 Nnadi, E., Nanpyal, M., Kaduna, N., Jonathan, B., & Karalti, I. (2020a). Species Diversity of Candida from Hospital Environment in Plateau State, Nigeria. American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences, 8, 15–19. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20200801.14 Nnadi, E., Nanpyal, M., Kaduna, N., Jonathan, B., & Karalti, I. (2020b). Species Diversity of Candida from Hospital Environment in Plateau State, Nigeria. American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences, 8, 15–19. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20200801.14 Okten, S., & Asan, A. (2012). Airborne fungi and bacteria in indoor and outdoor environment of the Pediatric Unit of Edirne Government Hospital. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184(3), 1739–1751. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2075-x Padmavathy, N., & Vijayaraghavan, R. (2008). Enhanced bioactivity of ZnO nanoparticles-an antimicrobial study. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 9(3), 035004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1468-6996/9/3/035004 Pappas, P. G., Kauffman, C. A., Andes, D. R., Clancy, C. J., Marr, K. A., Ostrosky-Zeichner, L., Reboli, A. C., Schuster, M. G., Vazquez, J. A., Walsh, T. J., Zaoutis, T. E., & Sobel, J. D. (2016). Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 62(4), e1-50. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ933 Pappas, P. G., Lionakis, M. S., Arendrup, M. C., Ostrosky-Zeichner, L., & Kullberg, B. J. (2018). Invasive candidiasis. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 4(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2018.26 Park, B.-G., & Lee, M.-K. (2008). Appropriate Condition of Germ Tube Formation as Presumptive Identification Test for Candida albicans. Korean Journal of Medical Mycology, 20–25. Park, D.-U., Yeom, J.-K., Lee, W. J., & Lee, K.-M. (2013). Assessment of the Levels of Airborne Bacteria, Gram-Negative Bacteria, and Fungi in Hospital Lobbies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(2), 541–555. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10020541 Paul, N. C., Deng, J. X., Lee, H. B., & Yu, S.-H. (2015). Characterization and Pathogenicity of Alternaria burnsii from Seeds of Cucurbita maxima (Cucurbitaceae) in Bangladesh. Mycobiology, 43(4), 384–391. https://doi.org/10.5941/MYCO.2015.43.4.384 Peay, K. G., Kennedy, P. G., & Bruns, T. D. (2008). Fungal Community Ecology: A Hybrid Beast with a Molecular Master. BioScience, 58(9), 799–810. https://doi.org/10.1641/B580907 Pemán, J., Cantón, E., & Espinel-Ingroff, A. (2009). Antifungal drug resistance mechanisms. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy, 7(4), 453–460. https://doi.org/10.1586/eri.09.18 Ponce-Caballero, C., Gamboa-Marrufo, M., López-Pacheco, M., Cerón-Palma, I., Quintal-Franco, C., Giácoman-Vallejos, G., & Loría-Arcila, J. H. (2013). Seasonal variation of airborne fungal propagules indoor and outdoor of domestic environments in Mérida, Mexico. Atmósfera, 26(3), 369–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0187-6236(13)71083-X Presente, S., Bonnal, C., Normand, A.-C., Gaudonnet, Y., Fekkar, A., Timsit, J.-F., & Kernéis, S. (2023). Hospital Clonal Outbreak of Fluconazole-Resistant Candida parapsilosis Harboring the Y132F ERG11p Substitution in a French Intensive Care Unit. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 67(3), e0113022. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.01130-22 Prodan, A. M., Iconaru, S. L., Ciobanu, C. S., Chifiriuc, M. C., Stoicea, M., & Predoi, D. (2013). Iron Oxide Magnetic Nanoparticles: Characterization and Toxicity Evaluation by In Vitro and In Vivo Assays. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2013, e587021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/587021 Prucek, R., Tuček, J., Kilianová, M., Panáček, A., Kvítek, L., Filip, J., Kolář, M., Tománková, K., & Zbořil, R. (2011). The targeted antibacterial and antifungal properties of magnetic nanocomposite of iron oxide and silver nanoparticles. Biomaterials, 32(21), 4704–4713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.03.039 Qiu, Y., Zhang, J.-Q., Pan, M.-L., Zeng, W., Tang, S.-D., & Tan, C.-M. (2019). Determinants of prognosis in Talaromyces marneffei infections with respiratory system lesions. Chinese Medical Journal, 132(16), 1909. https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000000345 Qudiesat, K., Abu-Elteen, K., Elkarmi, A., Hamad, M., & Abussaud, M. (2009). Assessment of airborne pathogens in healthcare settings. Rajendran, S. P., & Sengodan, K. (2017). Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Using Sesbania grandiflora Leaf Extract as Reducing Agent. Journal of Nanoscience, 2017, e8348507. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8348507 Rajniak, P., Tsinontides, S. C., Pham, D., Hunke, W. A., Reynolds, S. D., & Chern, R. T. (2008). Sterilizing filtration—Principles and practice for successful scale-up to manufacturing. Journal of Membrane Science, 325(1), 223–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2008.07.049 Rashed, A., El-Katatny, M., Hetta, A., & Hashem, Z. (2020). Validation of moist and dry heat processes used for sterilization and depyrogenation during ampoules manufacturing. Journal of Advanced Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 0(0), 0–0. https://doi.org/10.21608/jabps.2020.27282.1083 Rasmussen, J. W., Martinez, E., Louka, P., & Wingett, D. G. (2010). Zinc oxide nanoparticles for selective destruction of tumor cells and potential for drug delivery applications. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 7(9), 1063–1077. https://doi.org/10.1517/17425247.2010.502560 Reddy, K. M., Feris, K., Bell, J., Wingett, D. G., Hanley, C., & Punnoose, A. (2007). Selective toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles to prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. Applied Physics Letters, 90(213902), 213902-1-213902–213903. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2742324 Ripeau, J.-S., Aumont, F., Belhumeur, P., Ostrosky-Zeichner, L., Rex, J. H., & de Repentigny, L. (2002). Effect of the echinocandin caspofungin on expression of Candida albicans secretory aspartyl proteinases and phospholipase in vitro. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 46(9), 3096–3100. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.46.9.3096-3100.2002 Robbins, N., Uppuluri, P., Nett, J., Rajendran, R., Ramage, G., Lopez-Ribot, J. L., Andes, D., & Cowen, L. E. (2011). Hsp90 governs dispersion and drug resistance of fungal biofilms. PLoS Pathogens, 7(9), e1002257. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002257 Roemer, T., & Krysan, D. J. (2014). Antifungal drug development: Challenges, unmet clinical needs, and new approaches. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 4(5), a019703. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a019703 Rogers, W. J. (2012). 2—Steam and dry heat sterilization of biomaterials and medical devices. In S. Lerouge & A. Simmons (Eds.), Sterilisation of Biomaterials and Medical Devices (pp. 20–55). Woodhead Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857096265.20 Rudramurthy, G. R., Swamy, M. K., Sinniah, U. R., & Ghasemzadeh, A. (2016). Nanoparticles: Alternatives Against Drug-Resistant Pathogenic Microbes. Molecules, 21(7), Article 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21070836 Rudramurthy, S. M., Paul, R. A., Chakrabarti, A., Mouton, J. W., & Meis, J. F. (2019). Invasive Aspergillosis by Aspergillus flavus: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Antifungal Resistance, and Management. Journal of Fungi, 5(3), 55. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof5030055 Saleem, S. S., Alnakshabandie, W. M., & Saadullah, A. A. M. (2017). Fungal contamination of Azadi Teaching Hospital and Hevi Paediatric Hospital Environments, Duhok, Iraq. Tikrit Journal of Pure Science, 22(6), Article 6. https://doi.org/10.25130/tjps.v22i6.788 Sang, H., Zheng, X. E., Zhou, W. Q., He, W., Lv, G. X., Shen, Y. N., Kong, Q. T., & Liu, W. D. (2012). A case of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Cladosporium cladosporioides and its treatment. Mycoses, 55(2), 195–197. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.2011.02057.x Sardi, J. C. O., Scorzoni, L., Bernardi, T., Fusco-Almeida, A. M., & Mendes Giannini, M. J. S. (2013). Candida species: Current epidemiology, pathogenicity, biofilm formation, natural antifungal products and new therapeutic options. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 62(1), 10–24. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.045054-0 Sardi, J., Pitangui, N., & Giannini, F. (2013). A Mini Review of Candida Species in Hospital Infection: Epidemiology,Virulence Factor and Drugs Resistance and Prophylaxis. Tropical Medicine & Surgery, 01(05). https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9088.1000141 Savastano, C., de Oliveira Silva, E., Gonçalves, L. L., Nery, J. M., Silva, N. C., & Dias, A. L. T. (2016). Candida glabrata among Candida spp. From environmental health practitioners of a Brazilian Hospital. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology: [Publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology], 47(2), 367–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjm.2015.05.001 Saxena, P., & Mani, R. K. (2014). Preventing hospital acquired infections: A challenge we must accept. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine: Peer-Reviewed, Official Publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine, 18(3), 125–126. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-5229.128699 Schoch, C. L., Seifert, K. A., Huhndorf, S., Robert, V., Spouge, J. L., Levesque, C. A., & Chen, W. (2012, February 24). Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as a universal DNA barcode marker for Fungi. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1117018109 Seddighi, N. S., Salari, S., & Izadi, A. R. (2017). Evaluation of antifungal effect of iron‐oxide nanoparticles against different Candida species. IET Nanobiotechnology, 11(7), 883–888. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-nbt.2017.0025 Sellart-Altisent, M., Torres-Rodríguez, J. M., Gómez de Ana, S., & Alvarado-Ramírez, E. (2007). [Nasal fungal microbiota in allergic and healthy subjects]. Revista Iberoamericana De Micologia, 24(2), 125–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1130-1406(07)70027-x Seneviratne, C., Jin, L., & Samaranayake, L. (2008). Biofilm lifestyle of Candida: A mini review. Oral Diseases, 14(7), 582–590. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-0825.2007.01424.x Setlhare, G., Malebo, N., Shale, K., & Lues, R. (2014). Identification of airborne microbiota in selected areas in a health-care setting in South Africa. BMC Microbiology, 14(1), 100. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-14-100 Sharmila, G., Farzana Fathima, M., Haries, S., Geetha, S., Manoj Kumar, N., & Muthukumaran, C. (2017). Green synthesis, characterization and antibacterial efficacy of palladium nanoparticles synthesized using Filicium decipiens leaf extract. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1138, 35–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.02.097 Sharpe, R. A., Bearman, N., Thornton, C. R., Husk, K., & Osborne, N. J. (2015). Indoor fungal diversity and asthma: A meta-analysis and systematic review of risk factors. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 135(1), 110–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.002 Shekhany, K. A. M. (2021). Isolation and genotyping of Candida albicans involved in vaginal candidiasis among pregnant women in Sulaymaniyah and Erbil cities. Zanco Journal of Medical Sciences (Zanco J Med Sci), 25(1), 493–502. https://doi.org/10.15218/zjms.2021.012 Shelton, B. G., Kirkland, K. H., Flanders, W. D., & Morris, G. K. (2002). Profiles of airborne fungi in buildings and outdoor environments in the United States. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68(4), 1743–1753. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.68.4.1743-1753.2002 Shoham, S., & Marr, K. A. (2012). Invasive fungal infections in solid organ transplant recipients. Future Microbiology, 7(5), 639–655. https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb.12.28 Shukla, S., Arora, V., Jadaun, A., Kumar, J., Singh, N., & Jain, V. K. (2015). Magnetic removal of Entamoeba cysts from water using chitosan oligosaccharide-coated iron oxide nanoparticles. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 10, 4901–4917. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S77675 Sidkey, N., Gouda1, A., Shawky, H., & Abdel-hady, Y. (2020). BIOSYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIZED BY FUNGI. Al-Azhar Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 62(2), 164–179. https://doi.org/10.21608/ajps.2020.118382 Silva, S., Negri, M., Henriques, M., Oliveira, R., Williams, D. W., & Azeredo, J. (2012). Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis: Biology, epidemiology, pathogenicity and antifungal resistance. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 36(2), 288–305. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00278.x Singh, S., Kanaujia, R., Rudramurthy, S. M., Singh, S., Kanaujia, R., & Rudramurthy, S. M. (2021). Immunopathogenesis of Aspergillosis. In The Genus Aspergillus—Pathogenicity, Mycotoxin Production and Industrial Applications. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98782 Sivagnanasundaram, P., Amarasekara, R. W. K., Madegedara, R. M. D., Ekanayake, A., & Magana-Arachchi, D. N. (2019). Assessment of Airborne Bacterial and Fungal Communities in Selected Areas of Teaching Hospital, Kandy, Sri Lanka. BioMed Research International, 2019, 7393926. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7393926 Souza, A. K. P., Nascimento, J. P. M. do, Araújo, M. A. dos S., Pedrosa, K. P. da S., Tenorio, B. M., Pires, L. L. S., Lima, G. B. C. de, Barboza, R. I. dos S., & Filho, E. A. da S. (2019). Airborne Fungi in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of a Public Hospital in Brazil. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 8(12), 1210–1219. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.812.149 Steinbach, W. J., Benjamin, D. K., Kontoyiannis, D. P., Perfect, J. R., Lutsar, I., Marr, K. A., Lionakis, M. S., Torres, H. A., Jafri, H., & Walsh, T. J. (2004). Infections due to Aspergillus terreus: A multicenter retrospective analysis of 83 cases. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 39(2), 192–198. https://doi.org/10.1086/421950 Storti, L. R., Pasquale, G., Scomparim, R., Galastri, A. L., Alterthum, F., Gambale, W., & Rodrigues Paula, C. (2012). Candida spp. Isolated from inpatients, the environment, and health practitioners in the Pediatric Unit at the Universitary Hospital of the Jundiaí Medical College, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Revista Da Sociedade Brasileira De Medicina Tropical, 45(2), 225–231. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86822012000200017 Sudharsanam, S., Swaminathan, S., Ramalingam, A., Thangavel, G., Annamalai, R., Steinberg, R., Balakrishnan, K., & Srikanth, P. (2012). Characterization of indoor bioaerosols from a hospital ward in a tropical setting. African Health Sciences, 12(2), 217–225. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v12i2.22 Thomaz, D. Y., de Almeida, J. N., Sejas, O. N. E., Del Negro, G. M. B., Carvalho, G. O. M. H., Gimenes, V. M. F., de Souza, M. E. B., Arastehfar, A., Camargo, C. H., Motta, A. L., Rossi, F., Perlin, D. S., Freire, M. P., Abdala, E., & Benard, G. (2021). Environmental Clonal Spread of Azole-Resistant Candida parapsilosis with Erg11-Y132F Mutation Causing a Large Candidemia Outbreak in a Brazilian Cancer Referral Center. Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland), 7(4), 259. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7040259 Tocco, I., Zavan, B., Bassetto, F., & Vindigni, V. (2012). Nanotechnology-Based Therapies for Skin Wound Regeneration. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2012, e714134. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/714134 Tong, X., Xu, H., Zou, L., Cai, M., Xu, X., Zhao, Z., Xiao, F., & Li, Y. (2017). High diversity of airborne fungi in the hospital environment as revealed by meta-sequencing-based microbiome analysis. Scientific Reports, 7, 39606. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep39606 Torabi, L. R., & Doudi, M. (2016). The Effect of Gold Nano Particles Compared to Dioxide Titanium Nano Particles on Vital Factors of Isolated Candida albicans in Patients with Oral Candidiasis in Vitro. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 18(12), Article 12. https://doi.org/10.17795/zjrms-5666 Tormo-Molina, R., Gonzalo-Garijo, M. A., Fernández-Rodríguez, S., & Silva-Palacios, I. (2012). Monitoring the occurrence of indoor fungi in a hospital. Revista Iberoamericana de Micología, 29(4), 227–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riam.2012.04.002 Tortora, G. J., Funke, B. R., & Case, C. L. (2010). Microbiology: An introduction (10th ed). Pearson Benjamin Cummings. http://books.google.com/books?id=wUkqAQAAMAAJ Tran, N., Mir, A., Mallik, D., Sinha, A., Nayar, S., & Webster, T. J. (2010). Bactericidal effect of iron oxide nanoparticles on Staphylococcus aureus. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 5, 277–283. https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s9220 Usuda, D., Higashikawa, T., Hotchi, Y., Usami, K., Shimozawa, S., Tokunaga, S., Osugi, I., Katou, R., Ito, S., Yoshizawa, T., Asako, S., Mishima, K., Kondo, A., Mizuno, K., Takami, H., Komatsu, T., Oba, J., Nomura, T., & Sugita, M. (2021). Exophiala dermatitidis. World Journal of Clinical Cases, 9(27), 7963–7972. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v9.i27.7963 Venceslau, E., Oliveira, I., & Martins, R. (2012). Frequência de fungos anemófilos em áreas críticas de unidade hospitalar de Aracaju, Sergipe, Brasil Frequency of airborne fungus in critical areas at hospital unit of Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil. RBAC, 44, 26–30. Verma, A., Wüthrich, M., Deepe, G., & Klein, B. (2015). Adaptive Immunity to Fungi. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 5(3), a019612. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a019612 Viegas, C., Sabino, R., Veríssimo, C., & Rosado, L. (2011). Assessment of fungal contamination in a Portuguese maternity unit. 127–133. https://doi.org/10.2495/EHR110121 Wasly, H. (2018). X-RAY ANALYSIS FOR DETERMINATION THE CRYSTALLITE SIZE AND LATTICE STRAIN IN ZnO NANOPARTICLES. Journal of Al-Azhar University Engineering Sector, 13(49), 1312–1320. https://doi.org/10.21608/auej.2018.18943 White, Bruns, T., Lee, S., & Taylor, J. (1990). White, T. J., T. D. Bruns, S. B. Lee, and J. W. Taylor. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA Genes for phylogenetics (pp. 315–322). White, J. K., Nielsen, J. L., & Madsen, A. M. (2020). Potential Respiratory Deposition and Species Composition of Airborne Culturable, Viable, and Non-Viable Fungi during Occupancy in a Pig Farm. Atmosphere, 11(6), Article 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11060639 Wirth, F., & Goldani, L. Z. (2012). Epidemiology of Rhodotorula: An Emerging Pathogen. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases, 2012, 465717. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/465717 Wu, W., Wu, Z., Yu, T., Jiang, C., & Kim, W.-S. (2015). Recent progress on magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: Synthesis, surface functional strategies and biomedical applications. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 16(2), 023501. https://doi.org/10.1088/1468-6996/16/2/023501 Xiao, L., Madison, V., Chau, A. S., Loebenberg, D., Palermo, R. E., & McNicholas, P. M. (2004). Three-dimensional models of wild-type and mutated forms of cytochrome P450 14alpha-sterol demethylases from Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans provide insights into posaconazole binding. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 48(2), 568–574. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.48.2.568-574.2004 Yousef, J., & Danial, E. (2013). In Vitro Antibacterial Activity and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Zinc Oxide and Nano-particle Zinc oxide Against Pathogenic Strains [dataset]. In International JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE (Vol. 2). https://doi.org/10.5923/j.health.20120204.04 Zhang, Z.-Y., & Xiong, H.-M. (2015). Photoluminescent ZnO Nanoparticles and Their Biological Applications. Materials, 8(6), Article 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8063101
Subjects:	Q Science > QR Microbiology
Divisions:	Faculty of Science and Health > Department of Medical Microbiology > M.Sc. Thesis
Depositing User:	Mr. Rebwar Mohammed Jarjis
Date Deposited:	06 May 2024 08:16
Last Modified:	06 May 2024 08:16
URI:	http://eprints.koyauniversity.org/id/eprint/459

Actions (login required)

View Item