Structural Characterization of Salts Using X-ray Fluorescence Technique

Meena, Bashdar I. and Karim, Hawbash H. and Aziz, Kurdistan F. and Chaqmaqchee, Faten A. and Kokhasmail, Dashne M. and Hussein, Khabat N. (2024) Structural Characterization of Salts Using X-ray Fluorescence Technique. ARO-THE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF KOYA UNIVERSITY, 12 (1). pp. 1-7. ISSN 2410-9355

Text (Research Article) ARO.11418.VOL12.NO1.2024.ISSUE22-PP1-7.pdf - Published Version Available under License Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial Share Alike. Download (2MB)

Abstract

This study investigates the structure of 21 table salts that were collected from different local markets in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. The major trace elements and iodine concentrations in tablesalt are analyzed through the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technique and the titration method, respectively. The study shows that using XRF spectral analysis, the collected table salt samples are rich in chlorine, sodium, and contain a lower percentage of bromine, strontium, tin, tellurium, and iodine. Moreover, these samples have a high percentage of sulfur and sirconium, where the molybdenum is >0.2%. Other elements such as zinc and copper are essential and found in low concentrations <0.0086% and 0.001%. Iodine is a trace element that is necessary nutrients for human life, and it is naturally present in some foods. Iodine deficiency is brought on by a lack of iodine consumption. Iodized salt is highly recommended as a source of iodine to prevent iodine deficiency disease. Iodine is added to table salt in two different ways, either through iodate or through iodine. The results show that only 25% of the salt samples have an adequate level of iodine, while the other samples have low or no iodine content. According to the World Health Organization, quality of salt depends on iodine concentration and other trace elements, which are necessary for human health.

Item Type:	Article
Additional Information:	Andersson, M., De Benoist, B., Darnton-Hill, I., and Delange, F. 2007. Iodine deficiency in Europe: A continuing public health problem. World Health Organization, Geneva. Chaqmaqchee, F.A.I., Baker, A.G., and Salih, N.F. 2017. Comparison of various plastics wastes using X-ray fluorescence. American Journal of Materials Synthesis and Processing, 5, pp.24-27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmsp.20170202.12 Codex Alimentarius Commission, 2021. Codex Standard for Food Grade Salt. CX STAN 150-1985, Rev. 1-1997 Amend. 1-1999, Amend. 2-2001. Codex Alimentarius Commission, Rome, pp.1-9. De Nayer, P. 2001. Actions multiples des hormones thyroïdiennes. La thyroïde. Des concepts à la pratique clinique. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp.129-136. Diosady, L.L., Alberti, J.O., Mannar, M.G., and Stone, TG. 1997. Stability of iodine in iodized salt used for correction of iodine-deficiency disorders. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 18, pp.388-396. Kitwa, K.E., Habimana, L., Lumbu, S.J., Donnen, P., Twite, K.E., Mpoyo, K.E., De Nayer, P., Kalenga, M.K., and Robert, A. 2012. Evaluation of iodine content in table salt consumed in democratic republic of Congo. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 33, pp.217-223. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/156482651203300307 Kumar, S., Maiti, B., and Mathur, P. 2001. Determination of iodate and sulphate in iodized common salt by ion chromatography with conductivity detection. Talanta, 53, pp.701-705. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-9140(00)00504-X Markel, H. 1987. When it rains it pours: Endemic goiter, iodized salt, and David Murray Cowie, MD. American Journal of Public Health, 77, pp.219-229. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.77.2.219 Meena, B.I., Omar, K.A., Khan, A., Chaqmaqchee, F.A.I., and Alsalihi, E. 2018. Characterization and comparison of clay from Iraq and Iran for bricks production. Clay Research, 37, pp.8-13. Mohammadi, M., Azizi, F., and Hedayati, M. 2018. Iodine deficiency status in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean region: A systematic review. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 40, pp.87-97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-017-9911-z Nerín, C., Aznar, M., and Carrizo, D. 2016. Food contamination during food process. Trends in food Science and Technology, 48, pp.63-68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2015.12.004 Organization, W.H. 2007. Assessment of Iodine Deficiency Disorders and Monitoring their Elimination: A Guide for Programme Managers. Switzerland: World Health Organization. Papagiannis, I., Kagalou, I., Leonardos, J., Petridis, D., and Kalfakakou, V. 2004. Copper and zinc in four freshwater fish species from Lake Pamvotis (Greece). Environment International, 30, pp.357-362. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2003.08.002 Prodhan, U., Alim, M.A., Kabir, M.H., and Pulak, M.R. 2014. Measurement of iodine availability and stability of some iodized salts in Bangladesh. International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, 3, pp.470-474. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2014.0301080 Sepahvand, R., Hatamikia, M., Hassanzadazar, H., Moridi, S., Bahari, K., Sepahvand, H., Fatehi, R., Bagheri, A., Belghadr, I., and Javadi, K. 2018. Iodine concentration in iodized salts marketed in Lorestan Province, West of Iran. Journal of Chemical Health Risks, 6, p. 99-103. UNICEF, Section, U.N, Division, U.P., and Communication, U.D.O. 2008. Sustainable Elimination of Iodine Deficiency: Progress since the 1990 World Summit for Children. United States: UNICEF. Verma, M., and Raghuvanshi, R.S. 2001. Dietary iodine intake and prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders in adults. Journal of Nutritional Environmental Medicine, 11, pp.175-180. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13590840120083394 Wulandari, E.R., and Rosyida, N. 2017. Analysis of iodine content in table salt. Jurnal Vokasi Indonesia, 5, p.5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7454/jvi.v5i1.84 Zimmermann, M.B., and Andersson, M. 2021. Global Endocrinology: Global perspectives in endocrinology: Coverage of iodized salt programs and iodine status in 2020. European Journal of Endocrinology, 185, pp.R13-R21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-21-0171 VIEW THE PDF FILE PUBLISHED 2024-01-06 HOW TO CITE Meena, B. I., Karim, H. H., Aziz, K. F., Chaqmaqchee, F. A., Kokhasmail , D. M. and Hussein, K. N. (2024) “Structural Characterization of Salts Using X-ray Fluorescence Technique: Experiments on Samples Collected from Kurdistan Region of Iraq”, ARO-THE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF KOYA UNIVERSITY, 12(1), pp. 1-7. doi: 10.14500/aro.11418. More Citation Formats ISSUE Vol. 12 No. 1 (2024): Issue Twenty Two SECTION Articles Copyright (c) 2024 Bashdar I. Meena, Hawbash H. Karim, Kurdistan F. Aziz, Faten A. Chaqmaqchee, Dashne M. Kokhasmail , Khabat N. Hussein Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Authors who choose to publish their work with Aro agree to the following terms: Authors retain the copyright to their work and grant the journal the right of first publication. The work is simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY-NC-SA 4.0]. This license allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. Authors have the freedom to enter into separate agreements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work. This includes options such as posting it to an institutional repository or publishing it in a book, as long as proper acknowledgement is given to its initial publication in this journal. Authors are encouraged to share and post their work online, including in institutional repositories or on their personal websites, both prior to and during the submission process. This practice can lead to productive exchanges and increase the visibility and citation of the published work. By agreeing to these terms, authors acknowledge the importance of open access and the benefits it brings to the scholarly community. Crossref 0 Scopus 0 Google Scholar Europe PMC 0 Most read articles by the same author(s) Faten A. Chaqmaqchee, Contact Geometrical Study for Top Emitting 980 nm InGaAs/GaAsP Vertical-Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers , ARO-THE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF KOYA UNIVERSITY: Vol. 9 No. 2 (2021): Issue Seventeen
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Salts, X-ray fluorescence technique, Iodine concentration,, Chemical composition
Subjects:	Q Science > QD Chemistry
Divisions:	ARO-The Scientific Journal of Koya University > VOL 12, NO 1 (2024)
Depositing User:	Dr Salah Ismaeel Yahya
Date Deposited:	02 Sep 2024 06:56
Last Modified:	02 Sep 2024 06:56
URI:	http://eprints.koyauniversity.org/id/eprint/462

Actions (login required)

View Item